{"id":4669,"date":"2023-05-13T22:06:20","date_gmt":"2023-05-14T03:06:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/?p=4669"},"modified":"2023-07-29T14:12:06","modified_gmt":"2023-07-29T19:12:06","slug":"integrating-delaware-nursing-schools","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/integrating-delaware-nursing-schools\/","title":{"rendered":"Integrating Delaware Nursing Schools"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>I am researching the struggle for equality in healthcare, a lesser-known dimension of the civil rights movement. Although the U.S. Supreme Court dealt a blow to &#8220;separate but equal&#8221; in public schools in 1954, segregation persisted for years in medicine.  However, by the mid-1960s,  a combination of protests, federal legislation, and judicial rulings had significantly disrupted the Jim Crow practices that had long plagued hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics.((<em>Encyclopedia of Alabama, <\/em>&#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/encyclopediaofalabama.org\/article\/hill-burton-act\/\">Hill-Burton Act<\/a>&#8220;))<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As I delve into this complex and multifaceted intersection of civil rights and medicine, one area I am concentrating on is the integration of Delaware nursing schools, a significant achievement for the civil rights movement. During the 1950s, nursing schools commonly practiced segregation, limiting opportunities to pursue careers in the caring professions and make meaningful contributions to their communities.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Delaware Schools<\/h5>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/230429-153829_p11aa-2.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/230429-153829_p11aa-2.jpg?resize=180%2C415&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Delaware Nursing School\" class=\"wp-image-4717\" width=\"180\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/230429-153829_p11aa-2.jpg?resize=444%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 444w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/230429-153829_p11aa-2.jpg?resize=130%2C300&amp;ssl=1 130w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/230429-153829_p11aa-2.jpg?w=594&amp;ssl=1 594w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 180px) 100vw, 180px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Delaware Nursing School (undated, Wilmington Free Library)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In 1950, Delaware had seven nursing schools<kbd>--<\/kbd>four in Wilmington, one in New Castle County, and two downstate.  These programs excluded Blacks leading to a severe shortage of professional African American nurses in the state.((National League of Nursing Education, &#8220;State-Approved Schools of Nursing: Schools Meeting Minimum Requirements Set by Law and Board Rules in the Various States and Territories, (New York), 1950)) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The National League of Nursing Education produced  this 1950 list:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>Delaware State, Farnhurst, established in 1929, 13 students<\/li>\n<li>Beebe, Lewes, 1921, 10 students;<\/li>\n<li>Milford Memorial, 1926, 21 students;<\/li>\n<li>Delaware, Wilmington, 1897, 160 students;<\/li>\n<li>Memorial, Wilmington, 1888, 92 students;<\/li>\n<li>St. Francis, Wilmington, 1924, 66 students;<\/li>\n<li>Wilmington General, Wilmington, 1910, 50 Students<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p>To gain insight into nursing schools in the City, I am examining records of three Wilmington hospitals. The materials archived at the Lewis B. Flinn Medical Library at Christiana Care offer valuable insight into the policies, practices, and enrollment of these institutions during the mid-20th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1954, a significant civil rights healthcare milestone occurred in Delaware.  Late that year, Wilmington Memorial Hospital Superintendent, Grace L. Little, announced a groundbreaking decision to open admission to the school for qualified candidates regardless of race.  This decision marked a significant turning point in the fight for integrated medical education in Delaware, overturning in one institution the discriminatory policies that had long excluded Black students from the program.((Hospital to Accept Nursing Students Regardless of Race,&#8221; <em>Morning News, <\/em>December 7, 1954))  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the fall of 1955, when a new class began at Memorial Hospital, two African American students, Ive Brown of Felton and Carrie Thomas of Chester, PA, proudly stood alongside their classmates for the annual &#8220;probie&#8221; photo.((&#8220;32 Student Nurses Start Memorial Class, <em>Journal-Every Evening, <\/em>September 7, 1955))<sup>,<\/sup>((&#8220;Probie Class Photo,&#8221; 1958, Wilmington Memorial Hospital))<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Civil Rights Healthcare Milestone<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>For the first time, African American students were admitted to a registered nurses training program in Delaware. When the hospital held its 65th graduation in 1958, Carrie Thomas and fifteen other young women had completed the course of study for registered nurses. Ive Brown graduated from a one-year practical nursing course at Brown Vocational High School.((&#8220;15 Graduate at Memorial,&#8221; <em>Morning News<\/em>, September 4, 1958)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This milestone, a significant step forward in the struggle for equality in healthcare, contributed to Delaware&#8217;s civil rights movement. My work on other dimensions of the civil rights struggle in medicine continues in Delaware.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/346653239_202216628834164_8463174498012950309_n.jpg?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/346653239_202216628834164_8463174498012950309_n.jpg?resize=589%2C456&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"integrating nursing at Wilmington Memorial Hospital in Delaware\" class=\"wp-image-4670\" width=\"589\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/346653239_202216628834164_8463174498012950309_n.jpg?w=592&amp;ssl=1 592w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/346653239_202216628834164_8463174498012950309_n.jpg?resize=300%2C232&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 589px) 100vw, 589px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">1955 of the &#8220;probies&#8221; of the class of 1958((<em>Memorial Hospital, <em>Probies-Class of 1958<\/em>, photograph (Wilmington, DE, 1955), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bing.com\/search?q=lewis+b.+flynn+library+christiaina+care&amp;cvid=7562a64d304d4cc7b37e01534e613da0&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j46l4j0j46j0.2019j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=DCTS\">Lewis B. FlInn Medical Library<\/a>, Christiana Care<\/em>, Newark, DE.)) (Source:  Medial Library, Christiana Care)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For additional photos on integrating nursing schools in Delaware, see <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dixonhistory\/posts\/981297269892811\">this album on Facebook.<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I am researching the struggle for equality in healthcare, a lesser-known dimension of the civil rights movement. Although the U.S. Supreme Court dealt a blow to &#8220;separate but equal&#8221; in public schools in 1954, segregation persisted for years in medicine. However, by the mid-1960s, a combination of protests, federal legislation, and judicial rulings had significantly&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[205,193],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-african-american-history","category-health-care"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Integrating Delaware Nursing Schools - Mike&#039;s History Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"I&#039;m studying the integration of Delaware Nursing Schools for a civil rights project I am working on. 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This opportunity allows me to share my findings with a broad audience and shed light on a largely unexamined aspect\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;African American History&quot;","block_context":{"text":"African American History","link":"https:\/\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/category\/african-american-history\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/CampSherman_0.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/CampSherman_0.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/CampSherman_0.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/CampSherman_0.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6663,"url":"https:\/\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/trouble-on-route-40\/","url_meta":{"origin":4669,"position":1},"title":"Trouble on Route 40: A Library Talk","author":"Mike","date":"May 22, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"THE HISTORY OF THE ROAD AND ITS CONNECTIONS TO THE COLD WAR, CIVIL RIGHTS, SOVIET UNION & PRES. KENNEDY THUR., MAY 23, 2024, 6:30 p.m. CECIL COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY - ELKTON BRANCH BY MIKE DIXON After tracing the history of Route 40 over generations, this program discusses how, in the\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Programs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Programs","link":"https:\/\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/category\/programs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/316803340_850538889635317_6373770651315844527_n-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/316803340_850538889635317_6373770651315844527_n-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/316803340_850538889635317_6373770651315844527_n-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/316803340_850538889635317_6373770651315844527_n-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":7503,"url":"https:\/\/www.dixonhistory.com\/news\/route-40-civil-rights-talk\/","url_meta":{"origin":4669,"position":2},"title":"Collision on Route 40: New Delaware Humanities Talk","author":"Mike","date":"October 5, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"I am pleased to announce that Delaware Humanities has selected my new talk, \u201cCollision on Route 40: Cold War Tensions & Civil Rights,\u201d for inclusion in the 2024-25 Speakers Bureau and Visiting Scholars program. 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